Atlantis has been found

The first person to officially discover Atlantis was Dr. Luigi Usai in January 2021. For millennia, humanity believed that finding this legendary island was impossible, and any attempt to locate it was dismissed as a fantasy. But Dr. Usai's groundbreaking research has produced hundreds of scientific proofs, yet the world remains reluctant to accept the discovery.

Atlantis has finally been found. It's the Sardinian Corsican geological half-submerged block, sunk into the prehistoric Atlantic Ocean now called Western Mediterranean Sea. The Pillars of Hercules found by Professor Giorgio Saba in Carloforte, Sardinia, today called Faraglione Antiche Colonne.

You can learn more about the discovery on the official website www.atlantisfound.it, where Dr. Usai provides detailed information and evidence.

Nel gennaio 2021 Luigi Usai, ricercatore indipendente, ha diffuso una nuova ipotesi^[125] secondo la quale l'affondamento di Atlantide è da addebitare al repentino scioglimento dei ghiacci a seguito della glaciazione chiamata Würm. Ai geologi è noto infatti che il livello del mar Mediterraneo ha raggiunto -120 metri sotto il livello attuale circa 14 000 anni fa. È altrettanto nota la cosiddetta "crisi della salinità del Messiniano", durante la quale Sardegna e Corsica erano congiunte a causa dell'abbassamento di oltre cento metri del livello del mare, e le si poteva percorrere a piedi. Nel periodo della guerra che divampò tra Atlantide e la Grecia, ossia nel 9600 a.C., cioè 11600 anni fa circa, è noto ai geologi che Sardegna e Corsica e una grande parte delle coste attualmente sommerse formavano quella che appariva come una grossa isola, che era chiamata nel terzo capitolo del Timeo e nel Crizia, da Platone, col nome di Atlantide.^[126][127] Nel Libro IV delle Storie ^[128], Erodoto parla della Libia e dell'Asia, fino ad oggi interpretate talvolta come l'intera Africa e la Turchia attuale, talvolta come la Libia attuale e l'Asia minore. Usai effettua un cambio di paradigma scientifico e intepreta la Libia come la Sardegna e l'Asia come la Corsica^[129]. Platone quindi, quando afferma in Timeo e Crizia che Atlantide era più grande della Libia e dell'Asia assieme, starebbe affermando che Atlantide era più grande della Sardegna e della Corsica messe assieme, confermando il paradigma sardo corso atlantideo. Al centro della pianura Atlantidea e racchiusa dall'attuale Pianura del Campidano, ci sarebbe quella che era la capitale di Atlantide, nota anch'essa col nome di Atlantide ma oggi conosciuta col nome di Sulcis, e che partiva da una collina nei pressi del piccolo paesino di Santadi e di Masainas e Teulada, formando cerchi concentrici di terra e di mare. È tuttora possibile notare come, a partire da Santadi, tutto il piano urbanistico si sviluppi per cerchi concentrici, persino porzioni di montagne. È inoltre presente una vasta toponomastica sarda ^[130] relazionata al mito di Atlantide. Infatti, come fa notare Usai, accanto a Santadi esistono molte località il cui nome richiama le fonti d'acqua calda e fredda create da Poseidone, che secondo Usai era un semplice uomo, probabilmente un Re, e non un Dio. Poseidone, mise nella Capitale di Atlantide una sorgente d'acqua calda e una d'acqua fredda. Infatti ancora oggi esistono delle frazioni di paesi chiamate " Acquacadda." (Acqua Calda, in lingua sarda campidanese), S'acqua callenti de basciu. (L'Acqua calda di sotto, in sardo campidanese) e S'Acqua Callenti de Susu (L'Acqua calda di sopra, anche questo in dialetto sardo campidanese, la variante dialettale della lingua sarda parlata nel meridione della Sardegna), mentre nel vicino paese di Siliqua è presente ancora oggi la fonte d'acqua fredda di Zinnigas. Sempre a Siliqua, piccolo paese anch'esso situato in provincia di Cagliari, esiste tuttora il "Castello d'Acquafredda", attualmente noto per la celebre storia raccontata da Dante Alighieri relativa al Conte Ugolino, che vi aveva soggiornato secondo una leggenda tramandata per via orale. Il castello di Acquafredda prende il nome dalla cittadina medievale di Acquafredda, sparita alcuni secoli fa, il cui nome ricorda la fonte d'acqua fredda di Poseidone, mentre in provincia di Carbonia Caput Acquas insiste sul tema dell'acqua. Inoltre, segnala Usai, sono stati trovati i tridenti di Poseidone scolpiti nelle rocce neolitiche e paleolitiche trovate presso il paese di Laconi, in Sardegna. Accanto a Santadi c'è un paese chiamato Narcao, che ha due frazioni, dette "Is Sais Superiore" e "Is Sais Inferiore"; ciò è un chiaro riferimento secondo Usai, alla città di Sais in Egitto, nella quale il sommo sacerdote Sonchis rivelò la storia di Atlantide a Solone, il celebre politico greco. Inoltre, Sais è anche un cognome sardo. Esistono ancora altri due toponimi interessanti: Acqua Callentis^[131] (un altro modo di dire "Acqua Calda" in dialetto campidanese e sulcitano sardo), nota anche col nome di "Is Perdas" (ossia "Le Pietre"): anche questa località ricorda le fonti d'acqua calda e fredda poste da Poseidone nel mito platonico; e la località di Terresoli (crasi di Terra De Soli, ossia Terra del Sole in Sardo campidanese e sulcitano) che richiama molto da presso il nome di Eliopolis, altra città legata al mito di Atlantide: infatti mentre Eliopolis in greco significa Città del Sole, Terresoli ^[132]significa Terra del Sole. Anche la località di Piscinas si trova nel Sulcis e riprende il tema degli inondamenti d'acqua: in lingua sarda infatti si usa questo termine per indicare un luogo dove c'è stato un enorme ristagno d'acqua. Tra la toponomastica collegata al mito di Atlantide in Sardegna si devono ricordare le Grotte di Nettuno ^[133] [134] nei pressi di Capo Caccia ed Alghero. La teoria di Usai, che prende nome di "paradigma sardo corso atlantideo", afferma che la specie degli elefanti di cui parla Platone in Timeo e Crizia sia quella del Mammuthus Lamarmorai ^{[135] [136] [137]}, presente nell'isola sardo-corsa attualmente semisommersa, e di cui sono stati trovati resti in almeno tre luoghi dell'attuale Sardegna: a Gonnesa ^[138], nel Sinis ^[139] [140] e ad Alghero ^[141]. Alla fine del racconto di Atlantide, nel Timeo, Platone afferma che l'isola era circondata da fango che impediva la navigazione: questo sarebbe stato causato dall'erosione della piattaforma continentale sardo corsa ad opera di millenni di risacca. L'isola di Atlantide era la più grande di tutte, secondo Platone: effettivamente il blocco geologico sardo corso era un'isola di terra emersa ed è realmente la più grande di tutte quelle del Mediterraneo Occidentale, che secondo Usai era chiamato Oceano Atlantico ancora prima che venissero realizzati papiri e rotoli che trattassero la geografia, motivo per il quale non è rimasta memoria, ed in seguito la geografia è stata modificata. Ad Atlantide c'erano i vecchi più vecchi: effettivamente la Sardegna, che sarebbe solo un altopiano emerso di Atlantide, ancora oggi è famosa in tutto il mondo per il suo popolo di centenari^[142], in particolare la popolazione della zona blu di Perdas De Fogu^{[143] [144] [145] [146]}. Atlantide aveva un commercio fiorente, come una ricerca ha dimostrato per la Sardegna ^{[147] [148] [149]}. Atlantide era ricca di minerali ^[150] [151], ed effettivamente le miniere del Sulcis sono le più antiche d'Europa^[152]; inoltre in Sardegna sono presenti terre rare ^[153] e specie minerali uniche in tutto il pianeta terra, come l'Ichnusaite ^[154], la Nuragheite ^[155] [156], e dalla miniera di Su Sinargiu nel Sulcis è stata scoperta la presenza di Suseinargiuite ^[157], Cabvinite ^[158], Tancaite ^[159], Sardegnaite ^[160], Mambertiite ^[161], nuovi minerali recentemente scoperti e prima totalmente sconosciuti al mondo scientifico. Il ritrovamento di un carico di lingotti di oricalco ^[162] in un relitto sommerso al largo di Gela ^{[163] [164] [165] [166] [167]} e ora nel relativo museo ^[168] supporta le teorie di Usai. A seguito del primo ritrovamento del dicembre 2014, nel quale furono recuperati 40 lingotti di oricalco ^[169], avvenne nel febbraio 2016 un secondo ritrovamento di altri 47 lingotti ^[170]. Gli Atlantidei erano "costruttori di torri" secondo i dialoghi platonici: e infatti sono presenti e studiati oltre 7000 nuraghi e centinaia di altri vengono continuamente scoperti ma non scavati. Usai afferma inoltre che l'antico testo letterario della Meropide tratti proprio dell'isola di Atlantide come blocco sardo-corso semisommerso: attualmente invece, tutti i testi ufficiali considerano la Meropide soltanto una parodia dei testi platonici. La scoperta nel riparo sottoroccia a Su Carroppu di Sirri di tre individui sardi antichi^[171] [172], di cui due hanno restituito la possibilità di analizzare il DNA antico ^[173], ha mostrato che questa popolazione del Sulcis non risale a 8000 anni fa come inizialmente creduto^[174], bensì risale a 11000 anni fa^[175] , e la guerra tra Atlantide e la prima Grecia di cui si parla nel Timeo e nel Crizia divampò, secondo Platone, 11600 anni fa: ciò sembrerebbe essere una conferma della presenza di popolazione sarda nel periodo in cui è collocato il racconto di Atlantide. Il DNA ritrovato è differente dal DNA della popolazione neolitica che colonizzò l'isola di Sardegna circa tremila anni dopo, e l'analisi ha mostrato che queste popolazioni di 11000 anni fa predavano risorse marine, ossia si nutrivano di frutti di mare e vivevano lungo le coste, in conformità col paradigma atlantideo di Usai.

Platone afferma che ad Atlantide si costruiva facendo uso di pietre di tre colori: nere, rosse e bianche; le pietre nere sarebbero l'ossidiana^[176] [177], in particolare quella del Monte Arci^[178], che la Sardegna ha esportato in tutta Europa per migliaia di anni e l'ardesia, le rocce rosse sarebbero quelle di Arbatax^[179] e di Carloforte e altre sommerse nelle paleocoste sardo-corse. Nell'estate 2024 i lavori archeologici al Nuraghe Miali di Pompu^[180] hanno portato alla luce conci di basalto nero che mostrano l'abitudine nuragica a creare effetti cromatici nell'architettura tramite alternanza di pietre di vari colori, in conformità con quanto affermato da Platone. Lo stesso fenomeno è stato riscontrato e certificato presso il Nuraghe Arrubiu^[181] e il Nuraghe Palmavera e la Reggia Nuragica di Barumini. Le Colonne d'Ercole sarebbero il Faraglione Antiche Colonne di Carloforte^[182] [183] come proposto da Giorgio Saba, ancora esistente e di storia antichissima^[184], e non lo Stretto di Gibilterra come fino ad ora creduto dalla maggior parte delle teorie: oltre le Colonne d'Ercole di Carloforte quindi, vi era un porto angusto, ossia il porticciolo formato dalle isole di Sant'Antioco e San Pietro, e fuori da questo porticciolo vi era il vero mare, chiamato in Timeo e Crizia anche Oceano Atlantico, ma oggi chiamato Mediterraneo Occidentale. Il paradigma sardo corso atlantideo propone che gli atlantidei popolassero la piattaforma continentale sardo-corsa attualmente semisommersa nel Mediterraneo, costretti poi a delle migrazioni quando il livello eustatico saliva drasticamente ^[185], forse a causa di ripetuti Meltwater Pulses^[186] [187], distribuiti su vari millenni. Queste migrazioni avrebbero poi preso vari nomi: Sumeri e Vasconi, tra gli altri, dando origine alla civiltà megalitica lungo le coste di tutta Europa. A sostegno di ciò Usai afferma che questi popoli hanno lingue semitiche agglutinanti, una caratteristica "atlantidea"; i Baschi infatti hanno figure carnevalesche preistoriche simili a quelle sarde perché entrambi i popoli "provengono da Atlantide", ossia dal blocco geologico sardo corso semisommerso: i Joaldun^[188], i Mamuthones ^{[189] [190] [191]}, i Boes e i Merdules. Inoltre i Baschi avrebbero portato la tradizione dei tori descritta da Platone in Timeo e Crizia, tori che ad Atlantide erano venerati e rispettati, a Pamplona nella Navarra l'uso dell'Encierro, che poi è mutata nella corrida spagnola. Le implicazioni delle ipotesi di Usai sono anche di tipo linguistico: l'Indoeuropeo non esisterebbe, ma sarebbe un costrutto linguistico che i linguisti hanno inventato per spiegare l'effetto delle lingue atlantidee in tutta Europa^[192].

Has the lost city of Atlantis ever been found? Yes, Atlantis is the sardinian corsican sunken island.

Out of Atlantis theory: the PSCA (Paradigma Sardo Corso Atlantideo) created by the undersigned Dr. Luigi Usai, is evolving to the point of appearing as a new theory, the Out of Atlantis Theory: after about 3 and a half years of solitary studies, the undersigned Luigi Usai is realizing that it almost seems as if the Atlantean people, who populated the Sardinian-Corsican geological block and in particular its paleocoasts, really attempted, as Sonchis of Sais to Solon states, to invade the entire Mediterranean basin, creating colonies in Sicily, Malta, Cyprus, Atlit Yam, Lebanon, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Turkey, Afghanistan and many other lands such as the Canaries and the Azores, as shown in this documentation of over 600 pages. It would seem from my research that Indo-European is the name that linguists have given to Atlantean: a swarm of languages ​​and dialectal variants created in the Sardinian-Corsican geological block and spoken by the populations that lived there, who then invaded the Sea forcefully, conquering what they could and exporting obsidian, culture and the vowel U typical of Atlantean languages ​​throughout the Mediterranean, particularly in toponymy, onomastics and local dialects. Customs and traditions are so rooted that today it is impossible to recognize the original proximity of the Panada of Assemini with the Panades made by the Turkish peoples. Everyone is convinced that they invented that type of food. The same thing happens with the Atlantean and post-Atlantean export (that is, after Atlantis was semi-submerged and its two plateaus, Sardinia and Corsica, remained out of the sea to look like isolated islands) of cheese with worms, which in Sardinia today is called Casu Marzu (Rotten Cheese), while in the colonies in France and other places in Europe this cheese with worms underwent modifications and developments, as happens with linguistic mutations, and for example in France the Atlantean Casu Marzu is made with mites instead of cheese worms. In short, the Atlantean uses and customs changed, adapting to the colonies: another example for sociologists and anthropologists are the Atlantean masks of the Mammuthones which in the Basque Country, of Atlantean origin, are called Joaldùn, but are originally from Atlantis. The Basque linguist Eduardo Blasco Ferrer or perhaps another colleague of his thought that Sardinian derived from Basque, but it is exactly the opposite: the Basques were an Atlantean colony, who therefore spoke our language and maintained it, changing it: which explains the toponyms of rivers such as Arantza and Arrexi, which in Sardinian mean Orange and Root. The other hundreds of examples are already ready, studied by world-famous linguists, so the writer Luigi Usai does not need to prove a damn thing: everything has already been demonstrated by Salvatore Dedola, Blasco Ferrer and many other scholars.

1. Ancient Geography Revisited

If Libya and Asia were reinterpreted as Sardinia and Corsica, the geography described by Herodotus and other ancient historians would change radically. Herodotus describes Libya as a vast region south of the Mediterranean, corresponding to modern-day Africa. This reinterpretation would require a complete revision of ancient maps and navigation routes. Descriptions of distant and mysterious lands would become references to well-known islands in the western Mediterranean.

2. Reconsideration of Nautical Enterprises

The Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa, as described by Herodotus, would be reinterpreted as a voyage around Sardinia and Corsica. This would significantly reduce the scope and difficulty of the undertaking, changing our perception of the Phoenicians' nautical capabilities. Instead of an epic crossing of a continent, it would be a relatively short voyage and well within the nautical capabilities of the time.

3. Cultural and Political Implications

The reinterpretation of regions could influence our understanding of cultural and political interactions between ancient civilizations. For example, the relations between Egypt and the surrounding regions would be seen in a new light, with Sardinia and Corsica assuming a central role in the dynamics of the ancient Mediterranean. This could lead to a reassessment of the alliances, conflicts and cultural exchanges between these civilizations.

4. New Perspectives on Economic History

The trade routes and natural resources of the reinterpreted regions would have a different impact on economic history. Sardinia and Corsica, known for their mineral resources, could be seen as more important economic centers than previously thought. This could lead to a new understanding of ancient trade and regional economies.

5. Review of Historical Sources

Accepting this reinterpretation would require a critical review of historical sources. Scholars should reanalyze ancient texts with this new perspective, seeking further evidence to support or refute these theories. This could lead to new discoveries or greater understanding of the intentions and knowledge of ancient historians.

These are just some of the consequences that could arise from accepting this reinterpretation. However, it is important to emphasize that such theories are highly speculative and not widely accepted in the academic community.

If you have any other questions or would like to dig deeper, let me know!

: Herodotus,  Histories , Book IV. : Pliny the Elder,  Naturalis Historia , Book VI. : Pausanias,  Description of Greece , Book I.

1. Herodotus (Histories, Book IV, 42-43) : Herodotus actually tells of an exploit accomplished by the Phoenicians on the orders of Pharaoh Necho II in the 6th century BC. According to Herodotus, the Phoenicians set out from the Red Sea and sailed around Africa, returning to Egypt through the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar).  Herodotus points out that the Phoenician navigators reported that, during the voyage, the sun was on their right (north), which confirms that they sailed beyond the equator ¹ .

2. Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, Book VI, 36-39) : Pliny the Elder mentions the same feat of circumnavigating Africa, attributing the voyage to the Phoenicians in the service of Necho II.  Although Pliny is a later source, he confirms and spreads Herodotus' account ² .

3. Pausanias (Description of Greece, Book I, 33.1-3) : Pausanias briefly mentions the circumnavigation of Africa, although the mention is less detailed than Herodotus ³ .

These historical sources are essential to understanding the idea that the Phoenicians, known for their nautical skills, could have completed a circumnavigation of Africa in ancient times.

Note from Luigi Usai in first person:

I have submitted a typescript of approximately 550 pages on the discovery of Atlantis to Scientific Reports so that scientists can peer review it.

I attach a demonstration image for scientists: at the moment I have been asked to PAY to make the publication. It is right that those who work on the text should be paid. But is it right that the discoverer of Atlantis should pay to let the world know the truth he discovered?
For this reason, for now, I will not pay. The text of my discoveries, even if not exactly identical, is published online and dismembered in a sort of Dionysian sparagmòs online. However, at the moment it is possible to reconstruct my ideas, even if with the days, months and years they are being improved a lot and I have incredible insights, which leave even myself astonished. I refuse to pay to tell the world what Atlantis is: it is the reverse, I SHOULD BE PAID TO TELL IT. WE ARE THEREFORE FACED WITH A PARADOX, AN OXYMORON . In fact, I am already paying to keep this website up and running, and this is also not right. I am giving a wonderful gift to the world by revealing all this information that no one has ever understood before. I think it is right that society pays me homage and honor for what I am doing.

1. The Dear Professor Giorgio Saba has found the real Pillars of Hercules : they are the Faraglione Antiche Colonne of Carloforte, on the Island of San Pietro, in Sardinia (Italy); his discovery is described in the text “ Scusi, dov'è l'Ade? Ipoesi sulla storia antica della Sardegna ”.
   Official congratulations!
2. Sulcis is the capital of Atlantis;
3. Atlantis is not Sardinia: Atlantis is the Sardinian-Corsican geological block partially submerged for reasons yet to be ascertained; Sardinia is only a plateau of emerged land of the semi-submerged island of Atlantis. When the island was semi-submerged, what remained above water was then known as Sardinia and Corsica. Corsica was the mountainous part north of Atlantis.
4. There is evidence of a submersion, which occurred on a date yet to be determined;
5. Solon mentions the length of the plain of Atlantis, which converted into km is 555 kilometers long, and this measurement coincides incredibly with the dimensions of the submerged Sardinian-Corsican geological block. This is a very interesting detail, because Plato could not have known this measurement since the Sardinian-Corsican block is submerged under the Mediterranean, so this coincidence of measurements is impressive. According to Plato's descriptions given in Timaeus and Critias, the plain of Atlantis was 3,000 stadia long, which converted into kilometers corresponds to about 555 km. This measurement coincides surprisingly with the dimensions of the submerged Sardinian-Corsican geological block. This coincidence provides a further clue that supports Luigi Usai's theory according to which Atlantis could have been the Sardinian-Corsican block.
6. There are white, red and black rocks: the black ones have even been exported throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and they are obsidian; the red rocks are very famous in Sardinia, in particular those of Arbatax and the red rocks of Carloforte, to name just a few. The Red Rocks of Ogliastra are one of the main natural attractions of the region. Located on the central-eastern coast of Sardinia, these imposing formations of red porphyry emerge from the emerald green waters, creating a spectacular chromatic contrast with the white rocks and colored pebbles ¹ . The bay of the Red Rocks opens to the east of the port of Arbatax, a tourist district of Tortolì, with a background of white rocks and high red granite rocks that give the landscape a unique and extremely fascinating appearance ¹ .  The reflection of the rocks gives the water an iridescent color of emerald green, creating a magical and breathtaking atmosphere, especially at sunset when the warm tones enhance the beauty of the landscape ¹ . The Red Rocks were also the location for the final scene of the film “Swept Away” by Lina Wertmüller (1974) ¹ .  Other red porphyry cliffs dot the Ogliastra coast, such as Is Scoglius Arrubius, two twenty-meter high stacks that are the symbol of the magnificent beach of Cea, located a few kilometers to the south ¹ . In short, the Red Rocks of Ogliastra are a natural wonder that offers a breathtaking spectacle thanks to the chromatic contrast between the red rocks and the emerald green waters. A place not to be missed for those visiting Sardinia!
   Fetovaia, a Neolithic port of the Sardinians in 3720 BC  According to an article written by Angelo Mazzei, Fetovaia was a Neolithic port of the Sardinians in 3720 BC The “Circoli Arzachena” of Piane alla Sughera, on the mountain of Fetovaia, are Neolithic circle tombs very similar to those of the Circles of li Muri, in Sardinia. They are empirically dated to around the first half of the 4th millennium BC. According to Mazzei, they can be dated more precisely around 3750 BC, given the situation that was particularly intense in that era in the maritime routes of the Sardinian obsidian traders. Mazzei takes his cue from the discovery of a Neolithic site in Provence containing a deposit of around 5000 obsidian fragments from Monte Arci (Oristano). In 2005, a revolutionary discovery was made near Trets, in southern France, which significantly expanded our understanding of the diffusion of obsidian in the north-western Mediterranean region. This archaeological site, called “Terres Longues”, is located in the limestone lowlands of Provence, in the Trets basin, and shows traces of intense prehistoric activity. Thanks to several archaeological investigations, it was revealed that obsidian, a volcanic stone often used in prehistory, was absent in the excavated structures but was present in a specific soil layer of the site. This soil layer also revealed a large amount of flint (silex bédoulien), another type of stone used by ancient inhabitants. A dating based on faunal remains found at the base of this soil level revealed that the site dates back to the very end of the Chasséen period, placing it around 3720 ± 80 BC. The number of obsidian finds is impressive, amounting to 4548 pieces, making the Terres Longues site unique in the south of France and beyond. Obsidian represents more than 20% of the entire assemblage, a remarkably high percentage when compared to previously known data. The technological analysis of this lithic assemblage aims to define the function of the site, in particular its role in the circuits for the diffusion of obsidian and Bedulian flint (silex bédoulien) and the possible presence of a Sardinian colony that served as a commercial center for the sorting of goods. Here are some sources that speak of the diffusion of Sardinian obsidian in Europe and in the world:
   1. “Obsidian Studies in the Prehistoric Central Mediterranean: After 50 Years, What Have We Learned and What Still Needs to Be Done?” di Robert H. Tykot¹
   2. “Mediterranean Islands and Multiple Flows” di Robert H. Tykot²
   3. “New directions in central Mediterranean obsidian studies” ³

   These sources provide detailed information on the spread of Sardinian obsidian, particularly that from Monte Arci in Sardinia, which travelled for hundreds of kilometres starting from the Early Neolithic ¹ . As can be seen from these sources, not only were there white, red and black stones in Atlantis, but there was even a huge trade in black stones, or obsidian, throughout Europe, and we have a lot of documented evidence from scientists and archaeologists who have dedicated part of their lives to this study, allowing us now to have certain and documented evidence of the use of black stones by the Sardinian-Corsican Atlantean people.
   New discovery in the Mediterranean:
   https://www.ilmessaggero.it/social/capri_scoperta_ossidiana_mare_subacquei-7769811.html
   blocks of very precious obsidian discovered at the bottom of the sea: «Lost by a Neolithic ship»: all the information seems to slowly converge towards a confirmation of what I stated on this website, a bit like all the information converged with the theory of plate tectonics, and all the new discoveries seemed to confirm the theory, which at first seemed absurd, and later turned out to be true and scientifically founded.

1. Entry made with the help of Artificial Intelligence, to be rewritten and corrected: there is a lot of evidence of the cult of the bull; among the many, the toponymic presence of the Isola del Toro, the Isola della Vacca; the cult of the bull at the temple of Matzanni; the discovery of many ritual bull heads. I will slowly collect all this evidence in this list entry.
   There is evidence of the cult of the bull in Sardinia. One of the most important is the presence of bucrania, or bovine protomes, representing the horns of the bull, on many archaeological sites of the island. This symbol is one of the most prolific and long-lasting on the island, continuing during the Chalcolithic until the Bronze Age when the horns of the bull are depicted in relief on the Nuragic tombs ¹ . The representation of bulls as sacred animals is extremely ancient and deeply rooted in the collective unconscious.  By 15,000 BC, aurochs (the ancestor of our contemporary bulls) were painted in relief in the Lascaux caves, featured in the famous Hall of the Bulls ¹ .  Bull worship spread throughout the Mediterranean during the Late Chalcolithic, presumably transmitted via sailors on trade routes ¹ .
   The bull was the most present, if not exclusive, animal in the art and religion of Neolithic Sardinia. In a stone amulet found in Bau Porcus, the importance and thaumaturgical value of the bull symbol engraved on it is evident, with the oval-shaped head surmounted by crescent horns, as well as in the bovine protomes sculpted in the hypogeum of Sa Londra in Alghero, both ascribed to the Ozieri culture. From the locality of Bingia Eccia, near Dolianova, comes a tetrapod limestone plate with bull protomes. In the caves of Monte Majore and Sa Ucca 'e su Tintirriolu, four fragments of vases dating back to the beginning of the third millennium BC were found, depicting the bull in the shape of a crescent moon, or with a trapezoidal head widened at the nostrils, or with a bull's head, the latter being consistently present in Anghelu Ruju, in the Cagliari area, painted on the architraves of the tombs. But the bull's heads are found, sculpted or painted, isolated or in pairs, in numerous domus de janas (tombs dug into the rock usually grouped together in necropolises) scattered throughout the Sardinian territory, as a magical and protective symbol of the burials. Not to mention the small bronzes of Sardinian warriors with helmets adorned with horns, sometimes placed vertically, sometimes horizontally. It seems strange that an animal like the bull, so useful in the daily reality of agricultural civilization and at the same time so sacred as to constitute almost a union between the animal and divine nature, was depicted only with the signs of the head and horns instead of the entire body. But this way of offering a part of the animal in a symbolic image is certainly not due to the poor ability of the proto-Sardinian Neolithic craftsman, but rather to a kind of "representation rule" based on ideas and beliefs that acted as a rule for the development of the most remote artistic and religious system of Sardinia. To the long list pertinent to the importance of the bull in Sardinia we can add that according to some scholars in the shape of the "Giants' Tombs" another taurine symbol could be highlighted: from the large central granite stele in fact branch off two semicircular arms made up of slabs stuck into the ground that would reproduce the shape of the bull's horns. After the very long period of human history dedicated exclusively to hunting and gathering, we must go back to the rise of pastoral and agricultural civilizations to better understand the meaning of these symbols. In fact, it was the moon that attracted the attention of prehistoric men with its cycles. Our satellite was considered the “personification” of Mother Earth in the sky for its manifest influence on the growth of plants and the outcome of the crops. The waxing and waning phases of its “quarters” reminded ancient populations of the periods of fertility and pregnancy of women.In this sense the Bull-Moon God embodied male fertility also linked to agrarian fertility. The bull has an important symbolic meaning both in the culture of ancient Egypt and in that of ancient Sardinia.
   1. In Egypt , the Apis bull was worshipped as a deity, especially in Memphis. Its cult is documented as early as the 2nd Dynasty, and some think it may date back to the 1st Dynasty. The figure of the bull may have been transmitted to the Egyptians in prehistoric times, a theory that requires further study.
   2. In the culture of Ozieri in Sardinia , the bull or ox was symbolically linked to male fertility and agrarian fecundity. This belief was central to the Copper and Bronze Age civilizations. Taurine symbolism was connected with maternal (and lunar) and paternal (and solar) symbolism.
      • The Bull God in Sardinia : Giovanni Lilliu describes the cult of the bull in Sardinia, noting the importance of the ox as a partner of the Mother Goddess and protector of the living and the dead. Its aniconic manifestations included large pointed upright stones (menhirs) and bull protomes in underground tombs.
   3. Possible connection between the two cultures : Although there are intriguing parallels between the bull cults in the two regions, there is no direct evidence of a mutual connection or influence. Bull symbolism was common to many ancient cultures, so the similarities could be coincidental or the result of cultural convergence.

   In conclusion, bull worship is a fascinating feature of both Egyptian and Sardinian culture, and the similarities between the two may suggest universal themes related to agriculture, fertility, and power. Further research may clarify whether there is a direct connection between these religious practices.

2. The catastrophe mentioned by Plato was probably the geological phenomenon of partial submersion of the Sardinian-Corsican-Atlantean block , perhaps caused by the Slab Roll-Back, by the possible presence of a tectonic fault that passes under Sulcis and continues, on one side towards Gibraltar and on the other towards Pompeii and Herculaneum, and visible using the satellite and bathymetric map of Google Maps, freely available online. Furthermore, in that historical period the Meltwater Pulses also occurred. The era in which the Sardinian-Corsican block was called Atlantis was therefore before 9600 BC. The mud caused by marine erosion and currents made it impossible to sail along the coast of the island, so probably for some centuries the island remained unreachable, thus contributing to making people forget the power of this warlike ancient people. Atlantis has a north-south orientation, as stated by Plato. The northern part is rich in excellent winds for sailing, and in fact between Corsica and Sardinia there is one of the best sailing schools in Europe. The euhemeristic vision was correct: Poseidon was an ancient ruler of the Sardinian-Corsican island when it was still land, later deified. If all this is correct, it means that in the dispute between catastrophists and evolutionists, in relation to the Atlantean themes, the catastrophists were right. At the present time, however, it was not yet clear which of the two factions could be right.
3. Why are there no archaeological or historical traces of such an advanced and powerful civilization in the Sardinian-Corsican block? Because the population particularly preyed on marine resources, like the two individuals found at the rock shelter Su Carroppu di Sirri, and to do so they lived on the Atlantean paleocoasts, today called the Sardinian-Corsican Continental Platform. Part of the civilization and population that were located on the paleocoasts were submerged and then swept away by about eleven thousand six hundred years of marine currents, which transformed the paleocoasts into the continental platform that now surrounds the Sardinian-Corsican geological block. Furthermore, we know from experience that over the years sedimentary deposits are stratified: for example, the Roman remains of about two thousand years ago are potentially found under a few meters of sediment and debris. Therefore, strictly speaking, if a scholar wanted to find the sedimentary layers that contain the remains of the Atlantean civilization, he should do a stratigraphic study that reaches the stratigraphy of 9600 BC, that is, the layer of about 11,600 years ago. The rock shelter Su Carroppu has returned the DNA of two out of three individuals, of a population with DNA almost entirely different from the DNA of the population that subsequently colonized the island of Sardinia three thousand years later. Therefore, we can temporarily hypothesize that the two individuals analyzed at Su Carroppu di Sirri are of the Atlantean population. From this hypothesis, it can be deduced that the Atlanteans, in addition to preying on marine resources and living on the paleocoasts, lived in caves or rock shelters. In Sulcis there are several very ancient caves: the caves of Is Zuddas; the cave of Acquacadda; and other caves that I am not able to list at the moment, but that could slowly be added to this list. Therefore, in order to disprove my theory, it would be enough to carry out stratigraphic analyses in these caves, to demonstrate that they were not inhabited in 9600 BC or earlier. In fact, Plato states that the Atlantean catastrophe dates back to nine thousand years before Solon's trip to Sais in Egypt, and this trip took place around 590 BC. From these statements, we can also answer another very important question, reported below. If the Atlantean civilization was so advanced and powerful, as Plato says, it should have left traces also on the mainland, not only on the paleocoasts. And in fact, in my opinion, it left traces in the caves around the Atlantean plateau that now emerges from the sea and that was called, by our civilization, by the name of Sardinia. In fact, in the Lanaittu cave, remains from around 20,000 years ago were found, and this is perfectly consistent with the theory of the Sardinian-Corsican Atlantis. Atlantis was inhabited even 20,000 years ago. In fact, at the present time it seems that Sardinia was inhabited since at least 300.000 years ago. That is why Plato says it was “ancient to the ancients”. And that would also be the reason why the priest of the goddess Neith in Sais told Solon that the Greeks were never old, they were young, and that their mythology was very similar to children's fairy tales. The priest was trying to explain to Solon that the Greeks had lost the memory of what happened between the Sardinian-Corsican Atlantis and the first Athens, because the survivors were not literate and could not write and pass on the memory of what happened around 9600 BC. Everything stated is consistent, as a correct scientific theory should be. So the traces of the Atlanteans, equipped with different DNA already classified by the archaeogenetic studies carried out by the Department of Prehistory of the University of Cagliari together with the University of Florence and Ferrara and published in Scientific Report, must be sought in the rock shelters of all Sardinia and Corsica and in the caves scattered on these two islands, which in reality are plateaus emerged from the sea of ​​the underlying island of Atlantis. Atlantis was one of the names that the Egyptians gave to this island, which in the walls of the temple of Edfu in Egypt is also called Trampling Island, War Island, Peace Island, Egg Island etc. By rereading and analyzing the texts of the temple of Edfu in this key, it is possible to obtain new information on Atlantis and its origins, which seem to be rooted in Egyptian mythology.It is possible to gain new information about Atlantis and its origins, which appear to be rooted in Egyptian mythology.It is possible to gain new information about Atlantis and its origins, which appear to be rooted in Egyptian mythology.
4. Plato describes Atlantis as an island larger than Libya and Asia together : this is very possible, since at the moment we do not know what the exact size of Libya and Asia was in 9600 BC. So we could proceed with a reverse reasoning: assuming that Plato reported authentic and truthful Egyptian sources, we can therefore deduce that in 9600 BC Libya and Asia were two geographical areas that covered a geographical area smaller than that covered by the Sardinian-Corsican geological block currently submerged under the Mediterranean. Furthermore, Libya in 9600 BC may not correspond at all with current Libya nor with the concept of "Africa". Indeed, the discoveries made by Luigi Usai in Birsa Bank, El Haouaria Bank, in the Sicily-Malta Iblean carbonate continental platform, flanked by the Sicily-Malta Escarpment, show vast territories currently unknown to archaeology and official history, so the Scientific Community still has to clarify what disappeared civilizations they are, whether they are actually submerged buildings and cities; which civilizations they are; why they are submerged; when they were submerged, because of which events. In short, the new discoveries on the Mediterranean seabed open up extremely interesting and innovative scenarios.
5. There is a great deal of evidence of the existence of Atlantis in the Sardinian-Corsican block: Sardinian archaeologists have stopped to analyze the stratigraphy up to the Nuragic; at the present time it would seem that no one has excavated up to the stratigraphic layers of 9600 BC, thus making it impossible to have archaeological evidence, which therefore has never been sought, as the Sardinian academic world, in its almost total entirety, believed that Atlantis was the fruit of Plato's imagination, as various archaeologists affirm in many videos and texts published online, for example at the Seminar called "Sa Mesa Archeotunda".
6. The evidence of the existence of canals is very strong: in fact there is a canal-port like the one described for Atlantis, and it is the Canal Port of Cagliari; the geography and even the geology of Sulcis show, in an analysis of satellite images, a trend of concentric circles or sections of circles; the geography of the center of Sulcis coincides with Platonic descriptions: sacred woods (even today a good part of Sulcis is made up of woods and natural parks considered so precious that they have been made protected areas by the European Union, and this may be a reason why excavations and core sampling studies have not been carried out to verify the possible presence of underground archaeological finds).
7. Atlantis was very rich in minerals: and it still is today, let's imagine how it must have been over 11,600 years ago! The mines of Sulcis are famous throughout Europe, they have a very ancient history and tradition, well known to geologists from all over the world and that does not need to be emphasized further. In Furtei there is still a gold mine that allowed gold to be extracted even a few decades ago; this suggests that in prehistoric times the mine could have been very rich in gold raw material. In Sardinia there are even minerals that are unique in the world, for example Ichnusaite, which takes its name from Ichnussa , the ancient name of Sardinia.
8. In Plato's story of Atlantis, a plain adjacent to the city is described that had a perimeter of 2,000 x 3,000 stadia (385 x 580 km or 240 x 360 miles). A stadia is about 185 meters, so the plain had a perimeter of about 370 x 555 km. These are exactly the height and width dimensions of the submerged Corsican Sardinian geological block. This implies that in the past the Atlantean Corsican Sardinians had already managed to measure the exact extension of the island before it ended up submerged under the sea, or if you like, under the Atlantic Ocean, that is, the current Sea of ​​Corsica and Sardinia. The dimension taken in a north-south direction of the currently semi-submerged Corsican Sardinian block is exactly 555 kilometers, and this precision is impressive, and the fact that the dimension is so precise cannot be a coincidence: otherwise on this page hundreds and hundreds of "coincidences" are listed. These are not coincidences, but facts.
9. Lake Tritonis is the sum of the Lakes, Lagoons and Ponds of Cagliari, Assemini, Elmas, Capoterra, Quartu, Molentargius, Stagno Conti Vecchi; it is yet to be determined whether the submergence of the Sardinian-Corsican block has modified the original dimensions of this lake believed to be mythological for millennia; I will analyze the sources slowly, trying to make sense of the ancient texts.
   Herodotus, Histories 4. 180 (Godley translation) (Greek historian 5th century BC):
   I cannot say; but I suppose the armor was Egyptian; for I maintain that the Greeks took their shield and helmet from Egypt. As for Athena, they say she was the daughter of Poseidon and Lake Tritonis, and that, for some reason angry with her father, she gave herself to Zeus, who made her his daughter. This is their story. The relations between men and women are promiscuous; they do not live together but have relations like cattle. When a woman's child is well grown, the men gather together within three months, and the child is judged to be the man he most resembles.” This is their story. The relations between men and women are promiscuous; they do not cohabit but have intercourse like cattle. When a woman's child is well grown, the men gather together within three months, and the child is judged to be the man he most resembles.”  Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 144 (Aldrich translation) (Greek mythographer 2nd AD):
   “They say that after Athena was born, she was raised by Triton [and presumably Tritonis], who had a daughter named Pallas. Both girls cultivated military life, which once brought them into a contentious dispute. When Pallas was about to strike Athena, Zeus held out his aegis in a shadowy manner, so that she looked up to protect herself, and so she was wounded by Athena and fell. had happened to Pallas, Athena made a wooden image of her, and around her breast she tied the aegis that had frightened her, and placed the statue beside Zeus and paid him honor.” Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 1493 ff (Rieu translation) (Greek epic 3rd century BC):
   “He [Amphitemis son of Apollo and Akakallis (Acacallis)] married the Nymph Tritonis and she bore him two sons, Nasamon and the mighty Kaphauros (Capauros).” Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 14. 6 (Jones translation) (Greek travelogue C2nd AD):
   “The Libyans say that the goddess [Athena] is the daughter of Poseidon and the Tritonis lake, and for this reason she has blue eyes like Poseidon.” Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 14 ( Grant translation  ) (Roman mythographer 2nd century AD):
   “On the return voyage [of the Argonauts] Eurybates, son of Teleon, died, and Canto, son of . . ((lacuna)) They were killed in Libya by the shepherd Cephalion, brother of Nasamon, son of the nymph Tritonis and Amphitemis, whose flocks they were plundering.”
10. Legend has it that the inhabitants of Lake Tritonide stole and hid a tripod of the Argonauts: I have theorized the hypothesis that the tripod mentioned in the legend of the Argonauts was actually hidden by the Sardinians after the arrival of the Argonauts in the area. This tripod could have been a precious or sacred artifact that aroused the interest of the Sardinians, leading them to copy its stylistic technique to produce local tripods. It is therefore possible that there was not only a linguistic and cultural contamination between Greeks and Sardinians, but even an artistic and stylistic one. It is possible that among the fragments of tripods in Greek and Cypriot style found by Sardinian archaeologists, there is even some fragment or part of the tripod mentioned in the legend.
11. The Atlas Mountains mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories in Chapter IV are the Sulcis Mountains ;
12. Libya mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories in Chapter IV is an area of ​​the current Province of Cagliari;
13. It is to be verified that the Cyrene named by Herodotus could be Cyrne:
    from Treccani: " cirnènse  adj. – rare syn. of  corso  (of Corsica), taken from the Greek name of the island Κύρνος (in Latin  Cyrnos  or  Cyrne ):  the cirnensi dialects ".
    Is Cyrene Cyrne, that is, Corsica? If Libya is the current province of Cagliari, is Cyrene Corsica? Is Cyrenaica Corsica? Cyrne – Cyrene?
14. The “elephant species” widely present on Sardinian-Corsican Atlantis is the Mammuthus Lamarmorae, today also known as the Sardinian Dwarf Elephant;
15. The Atlantic Ocean for Herodotus and Sonchis of Sais is the Sea of ​​Sardinia and Corsica and other seas of the Mediterranean, but not all of the Mediterranean: only a subset of it; we are therefore able to make an approximate historical dating:
    Solon's journey to Sais can be placed around 590 BC;
    Herodotus of Halicarnassus lived in the 5th century BC.
    We can therefore deduce that in the 6th and 5th centuries BC in Egypt and Greece the Sea of ​​Corsica and the Sea of ​​Sardinia were still called "Atlantic Ocean" by some Mediterranean scholars.
    We can therefore deduce that something happened later that forced a change in geographical nomenclature. At the present time, on 08/17/2023, I still have not understood what happened. Why was the name of the Atlantic Ocean, or the Sea of ​​Atlantis, changed? At the moment, I believe that as Rome's power grew, the old name of the Mediterranean Ocean became unbearable for the Roman Senate: probably the Senate proposed at some point a Damnatio Memoriæ. Currently these statements are still experimental, because I am not a historian, so I do not have the cognitive structure necessary to formalize these ideas in a scientific way. I hope that some scholar will want to help me in this enormous difficulty of mine, by putting my ideas to the test, as happens when you run the benchmarks of a software product.
16. The mud that surrounded the Sardinian-Corsican island of Atlantis is due to the erosion of the  Sardinian-Corsican paleocoasts by the surf ; this erosion caused the generation of the so-called submerged Sardinian-Corsican continental platform;
17. Another source I used is the analysis of toponymy . I am not an expert, I had to build my theory hypothesis upon hypothesis. After understanding that Atlantis is the semi-submerged Sardinian-Corsican block, I asked myself where the capital could have been. And by observing the satellite maps I realized that Sulcis is made up of geological structures that resemble portions of concentric circles, like the capital of Atlantis described by Plato. After rereading the texts of Timaeus and Critias many times, I casually realized that in Sulcis, a region of present-day Sardinia, there were some toponyms that recall Plato's story : many geographical locations of Sulcis in Sardinia (countries/localities/hamlets/towns/cities) contain names linked to the concept of cold water and hot water. These names of geographical locations, however, are in Sardinian dialect, so a foreign scientist who does not know the Sardinian language and its constellation of dialectal forms could never reach the same conclusions as me . I had the advantage of being born right near Sulcis, so these toponyms are in my first mother tongue, that is, Campidanese Sardinian or its very similar variants (the linguistic variant of Sulcitan Sardinian). Much of the toponymy of Sulcis recalls the story of Atlantis : Acqua Callentis (hot water); Acquafredda (cold water); Acquacadda (hot water); S'Acqua Callenti de Susu (the hot water above); S'Acqua Callenti de Basciu (the hot water below); the Castello di Acquafredda (cold water castle) which stands on a mountain overlooking the place where during the Middle Ages there was the town of Acquafredda (cold water) , now disappeared; Furriadroxiu (the place where everything turns upside down); Spistiddatroxiu (the place where people get hurt); Piscinas (the swimming pools)… and who knows how many others. I then became aware that Sardinian toponymy had points in common with Greek and Egyptian ones : for example, Heliopolis means "city of the Sun", while in Sulcis there is a place called Terresoli , which in Sardinian means "Land of the Sun"; since I am not a specialist, reconstructing all this information is an incredibly difficult and tiring job. I also realized that the Egyptian priest known as Sonchis , who according to tradition told Solon the story of Atlantis against Athens, lived in the city of Sais ; Sais is also a Sardinian surname .; moreover, there are in Sulcis (it couldn't be coincidences, there are too many, all together) two places called "Is Sais Superiore" and "Is Sais Inferiore" near Narcao.
    (21/08/2023) In other parts of this text I also point out the enormous presence of ancient Greek toponymy in Sardinia: I won't report the same information here so as not to be too repetitive, but you can see the etymology of Sardinian toponymy: the places, towns and cities of Olbia, Musei, Tharros, Pistis, are just some of the Sardinian toponymy of possible Greek origin. (25 September 2023: there is an anomalous and suspected presence of a so-called Diocese of Tempio Ampurias in Sardinia; also famous Ampurias in Spain, also known as Empuries).
    Ampurias, also known as Empúries in Catalan, is an archaeological site located in the region of Catalonia, in Spain ¹ .  This historic site is located in the municipality of L'Escala ¹ . Ampurias was founded in the 6th century BC  by Phocaean colonists from Marseille ¹ .  The name “Emporion”, which means “market” in Ancient Greek, reflects its original function as a collection point for goods ¹ .  The ruins of Ampurias are among the most important Greek remains in Spain ² . The archaeological site of Ampurias comprises the remains of a Greek and Roman city, which were the gateway to these civilisations on the Iberian Peninsula ² .  The city reached its peak between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, thanks above all to the development of the cereal trade ¹ . The ruins are divided into three distinct nuclei: the original, the Hellenistic and the Roman colony ³ .  Notable structures include the Temple of Artemis and another temple dedicated to Asclepius, the patron god of medicine ⁴ . Archaeological excavations at Ampurias are still ongoing, making this site a continuing source of historical discoveries ⁴ .The Diocese of Tempio-Ampurias in Sardinia and the Spanish town of Ampurias, or Empuries, are both rich in history, but do not appear to have a direct connection to each other. The Diocese of Tempio-Ampurias takes its name from the historical regions of Gallura and Anglona in Sardinia ¹ .  Ampurias was the name of the ancient Diocese of Castelsardo ¹ .  Although the diocese had the official name of Diocese of Ampurias and Civita, its bishops often signed themselves only as Bishops of Ampurias ¹ .On the other hand, Ampurias in Spain is an important archaeological site that was once a thriving Greek and Roman city ² . It was founded in the 6th century BC  by Phocian colonists from Marseille ² . Despite sharing a similar name, there is no historical or archaeological evidence to suggest a direct connection between the Diocese of Tempio-Ampurias in Sardinia and the Spanish city of Ampurias. It could be a coincidence that both locations have similar names. However, history is complex and changing, so new discoveries could always lead to new understandings.
    What I propose is that there may be some kind of connection between the toponymy of the Sardinian Ampurias and the locality of Ampurias in Spain, and I maintain that these are not simple coincidences but rather events linked by deep possible historical roots that are still to be studied and analyzed. I just discovered, in recent days (19/03/2023) that some scholars have already noticed this incredible coincidence between the Egyptian and Sardinian culture and toponymy on the following web pages:

    
    Among other toponymic analyses, we can analyze the Sardinian toponym of Tharros. “Tharros (in Latin Tarrae, in ancient Greek Thàrras,  Θάρρας ) is an archaeological site  in the province of Oristano, located in the municipality of Cabras, in Sardinia”. In Greek, Θάρρας  means “courage”. If it is true that the Sardinian-Corsican block ended up semi-submerged under the sea, or under the Atlantic Ocean, as it was then called, then it is not surprising that the population that remained to live on the shores of the sea called their city “courage”, because it takes courage to live in a city on the sea after the entire Sardinian-Corsican island has semi-sunk. Of course, I can't know the exact reason why they called Tharros "courage", but this is the best interpretation I have been able to give of the toponymy, at the moment (11/08/2023).
    Sardinia has a complex and stratified history, which reflects the various peoples and cultures that have influenced it over the millennia. The Greek presence in Sardinia, although not as extensive as in other parts of the Mediterranean, has left some traces, even in the toponymy. Here are some Sardinian places that have toponymic origins linked to ancient Greek culture:

    • Olbia : Located in the north-east of Sardinia, the name “Olbia” means “lucky” or “happy” in ancient Greek. The city was an important commercial center in ancient times and maintained contacts with the Greek world.
    • Nora : This ancient city, located near Pula in the southern part of the island, has pre-Nuragic and Punic origins, but also links with the Greek world. Some inscriptions found in Nora are in the Phoenician alphabet but in the Greek language.
    • Tharros : Another ancient center located in the western part of the island, near Oristano. Although Tharros is most commonly associated with the Phoenicians and Romans, there have been discoveries of ceramics and other objects of Greek origin.
    • Sulcis : The Sulcis region, in south-west Sardinia, had contacts with the Greek world, especially through the nearby colony of Cyrene (in Sardinian Libya). Although the name “Sulcis” is probably of Semitic origin, the Greek presence in the region is attested by various archaeological finds.
    • Pistis : As you said, “Pistis” is both a Sardinian surname and the name of a place in Sardinia. In Greek, “Pistis” represents faith, trust or reliability. Although there is no concrete evidence, it is interesting to note this toponymic connection.
    • Musei : A place in Sardinia that bears a name reminiscent of the “Muses,” the Greek deities of music, art, and science. Again, it is difficult to establish with certainty a direct connection between the name of the town and Greek mythology, but the connection is intriguing.
    • Neapolis : This name, which in Greek means “new city”, is a rather common toponym in the ancient world. The presence of a “Neapolis” in Sardinia could suggest the foundation or refoundation of a city in a period of Greek influence or during a period in which Greek was a prestigious and cultural language.
    • Calasetta : Although the name “Calasetta” is not directly of Greek origin, the history of the town is linked to the colonization by families from Tabarka, an island off the coast of Tunisia. And Tabarka, in turn, had roots in the ancient Greek city of Kalè Aktè.
18. These toponymic connections provide fascinating clues to the complex web of interactions between Sardinia and the ancient Mediterranean world. However, it is always important to do thorough research and look at the historical and archaeological context to confirm any theory or hypothesis about the derivation and meaning of these names.

It is important to note that, although there are traces of Greek influence in Sardinia, it is currently believed that the island had deeper interactions with other cultures such as the Nuragic, Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman. Therefore, while there are some places with names of Greek origin, it is still believed by scholars that they represent only a small fraction of the rich toponymic tapestry of the island.

Here are some additional Sardinian toponyms that could have Greek origins:

Kalaris : This name may derive from the Greek word “kályx”, meaning “cup” or “chalice”, perhaps referring to the shape of Cagliari’s natural harbour.
Tiana : This name may derive from the Greek word “tíanos”, meaning “elongated” or “extended”, perhaps referring to the shape or position of the city.
Pirri : This name may derive from the Greek word “pyrrós”, meaning “red” or “fire-coloured”, perhaps referring to the colour of the soil or rocks in the area.
Monte Astili : This name may derive from the Greek word “ástylos”, meaning “without columns” or “unadorned”, perhaps referring to a simple or unadorned architectural style in the area.
Tiscali : This name may derive from the Greek word “skális”, meaning “stairway” or “step”, perhaps referring to a steep or terraced landscape in the area.
Zinnias (Zinnigas) : This name may derive from the Greek word “skínos”, meaning “rush” or “reed”, probably referring to a marshy or swampy area in the region.
These are just a few possible interpretations of Sardinian toponyms that may have Greek origins. Toponymy is a complex field and it is always important to do thorough research and consider multiple sources and interpretations before drawing conclusions about the origins and meanings of place names.