Version 678 Scientific proof of the existence of the legendary island of Atlantis

1. Herodotus (Histories, Book IV, 42-43) : Herodotus actually tells of an exploit accomplished by the Phoenicians on the orders of Pharaoh Necho II in the 6th century BC. According to Herodotus, the Phoenicians set out from the Red Sea and sailed around Africa, returning to Egypt through the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar).  Herodotus points out that the Phoenician navigators reported that, during the voyage, the sun was on their right (north), which confirms that they sailed beyond the equator ¹ .

2. Pliny the Elder (Naturalis Historia, Book VI, 36-39) : Pliny the Elder mentions the same feat of circumnavigating Africa, attributing the voyage to the Phoenicians in the service of Necho II.  Although Pliny is a later source, he confirms and spreads Herodotus' account ² .

3. Pausanias (Description of Greece, Book I, 33.1-3) : Pausanias briefly mentions the circumnavigation of Africa, although the mention is less detailed than Herodotus ³ .

These historical sources are essential to understanding the idea that the Phoenicians, known for their nautical skills, could have completed a circumnavigation of Africa in ancient times.

Note from Luigi Usai in first person:

I have submitted a typescript of approximately 550 pages on the discovery of Atlantis to Scientific Reports so that scientists can peer review it.

I attach a demonstration image for scientists: at the moment I have been asked to PAY to make the publication. It is right that those who work on the text should be paid. But is it right that the discoverer of Atlantis should pay to let the world know the truth he discovered?
For this reason, for now, I will not pay. The text of my discoveries, even if not exactly identical, is published online and dismembered in a sort of Dionysian sparagmòs online. However, at the moment it is possible to reconstruct my ideas, even if with the days, months and years they are being improved a lot and I have incredible insights, which leave even myself astonished. I refuse to pay to tell the world what Atlantis is: it is the reverse, I SHOULD BE PAID TO TELL IT. WE ARE THEREFORE FACED WITH A PARADOX, AN OXYMORON . In fact, I am already paying to keep this website up and running, and this is also not right. I am giving a wonderful gift to the world by revealing all this information that no one has ever understood before. I think it is right that society pays me homage and honor for what I am doing.

1. The Dear Professor Giorgio Saba has found the real Pillars of Hercules : they are the Faraglione Antiche Colonne of Carloforte, on the Island of San Pietro, in Sardinia (Italy); his discovery is described in the text “ Scusi, dov'è l'Ade? Ipoesi sulla storia antica della Sardegna ”.
   Official congratulations!
2. Sulcis is the capital of Atlantis;
3. Atlantis is not Sardinia: Atlantis is the Sardinian-Corsican geological block partially submerged for reasons yet to be ascertained; Sardinia is only a plateau of emerged land of the semi-submerged island of Atlantis. When the island was semi-submerged, what remained above water was then known as Sardinia and Corsica. Corsica was the mountainous part north of Atlantis.
4. There is evidence of a submersion, which occurred on a date yet to be determined;
5. Solon mentions the length of the plain of Atlantis, which converted into km is 555 kilometers long, and this measurement coincides incredibly with the dimensions of the submerged Sardinian-Corsican geological block. This is a very interesting detail, because Plato could not have known this measurement since the Sardinian-Corsican block is submerged under the Mediterranean, so this coincidence of measurements is impressive. According to Plato's descriptions given in Timaeus and Critias, the plain of Atlantis was 3,000 stadia long, which converted into kilometers corresponds to about 555 km. This measurement coincides surprisingly with the dimensions of the submerged Sardinian-Corsican geological block. This coincidence provides a further clue that supports Luigi Usai's theory according to which Atlantis could have been the Sardinian-Corsican block.
6. There are white, red and black rocks: the black ones have even been exported throughout the Mediterranean Sea, and they are obsidian; the red rocks are very famous in Sardinia, in particular those of Arbatax and the red rocks of Carloforte, to name just a few. The Red Rocks of Ogliastra are one of the main natural attractions of the region. Located on the central-eastern coast of Sardinia, these imposing formations of red porphyry emerge from the emerald green waters, creating a spectacular chromatic contrast with the white rocks and colored pebbles ¹ . The bay of the Red Rocks opens to the east of the port of Arbatax, a tourist district of Tortolì, with a background of white rocks and high red granite rocks that give the landscape a unique and extremely fascinating appearance ¹ .  The reflection of the rocks gives the water an iridescent color of emerald green, creating a magical and breathtaking atmosphere, especially at sunset when the warm tones enhance the beauty of the landscape ¹ . The Red Rocks were also the location for the final scene of the film “Swept Away” by Lina Wertmüller (1974) ¹ .  Other red porphyry cliffs dot the Ogliastra coast, such as Is Scoglius Arrubius, two twenty-meter high stacks that are the symbol of the magnificent beach of Cea, located a few kilometers to the south ¹ . In short, the Red Rocks of Ogliastra are a natural wonder that offers a breathtaking spectacle thanks to the chromatic contrast between the red rocks and the emerald green waters. A place not to be missed for those visiting Sardinia!
   Fetovaia, a Neolithic port of the Sardinians in 3720 BC  According to an article written by Angelo Mazzei, Fetovaia was a Neolithic port of the Sardinians in 3720 BC The “Circoli Arzachena” of Piane alla Sughera, on the mountain of Fetovaia, are Neolithic circle tombs very similar to those of the Circles of li Muri, in Sardinia. They are empirically dated to around the first half of the 4th millennium BC. According to Mazzei, they can be dated more precisely around 3750 BC, given the situation that was particularly intense in that era in the maritime routes of the Sardinian obsidian traders. Mazzei takes his cue from the discovery of a Neolithic site in Provence containing a deposit of around 5000 obsidian fragments from Monte Arci (Oristano). In 2005, a revolutionary discovery was made near Trets, in southern France, which significantly expanded our understanding of the diffusion of obsidian in the north-western Mediterranean region. This archaeological site, called “Terres Longues”, is located in the limestone lowlands of Provence, in the Trets basin, and shows traces of intense prehistoric activity. Thanks to several archaeological investigations, it was revealed that obsidian, a volcanic stone often used in prehistory, was absent in the excavated structures but was present in a specific soil layer of the site. This soil layer also revealed a large amount of flint (silex bédoulien), another type of stone used by ancient inhabitants. A dating based on faunal remains found at the base of this soil level revealed that the site dates back to the very end of the Chasséen period, placing it around 3720 ± 80 BC. The number of obsidian finds is impressive, amounting to 4548 pieces, making the Terres Longues site unique in the south of France and beyond. Obsidian represents more than 20% of the entire assemblage, a remarkably high percentage when compared to previously known data. The technological analysis of this lithic assemblage aims to define the function of the site, in particular its role in the circuits for the diffusion of obsidian and Bedulian flint (silex bédoulien) and the possible presence of a Sardinian colony that served as a commercial center for the sorting of goods. Here are some sources that speak of the diffusion of Sardinian obsidian in Europe and in the world:
   1. “Obsidian Studies in the Prehistoric Central Mediterranean: After 50 Years, What Have We Learned and What Still Needs to Be Done?” di Robert H. Tykot¹
   2. “Mediterranean Islands and Multiple Flows” di Robert H. Tykot²
   3. “New directions in central Mediterranean obsidian studies” ³

   These sources provide detailed information on the spread of Sardinian obsidian, particularly that from Monte Arci in Sardinia, which travelled for hundreds of kilometres starting from the Early Neolithic ¹ . As can be seen from these sources, not only were there white, red and black stones in Atlantis, but there was even a huge trade in black stones, or obsidian, throughout Europe, and we have a lot of documented evidence from scientists and archaeologists who have dedicated part of their lives to this study, allowing us now to have certain and documented evidence of the use of black stones by the Sardinian-Corsican Atlantean people.
   New discovery in the Mediterranean:
   https://www.ilmessaggero.it/social/capri_scoperta_ossidiana_mare_subacquei-7769811.html
   blocks of very precious obsidian discovered at the bottom of the sea: «Lost by a Neolithic ship»: all the information seems to slowly converge towards a confirmation of what I stated on this website, a bit like all the information converged with the theory of plate tectonics, and all the new discoveries seemed to confirm the theory, which at first seemed absurd, and later turned out to be true and scientifically founded.

1. Entry made with the help of Artificial Intelligence, to be rewritten and corrected: there is a lot of evidence of the cult of the bull; among the many, the toponymic presence of the Isola del Toro, the Isola della Vacca; the cult of the bull at the temple of Matzanni; the discovery of many ritual bull heads. I will slowly collect all this evidence in this list entry.
   There is evidence of the cult of the bull in Sardinia. One of the most important is the presence of bucrania, or bovine protomes, representing the horns of the bull, on many archaeological sites of the island. This symbol is one of the most prolific and long-lasting on the island, continuing during the Chalcolithic until the Bronze Age when the horns of the bull are depicted in relief on the Nuragic tombs ¹ . The representation of bulls as sacred animals is extremely ancient and deeply rooted in the collective unconscious.  By 15,000 BC, aurochs (the ancestor of our contemporary bulls) were painted in relief in the Lascaux caves, featured in the famous Hall of the Bulls ¹ .  Bull worship spread throughout the Mediterranean during the Late Chalcolithic, presumably transmitted via sailors on trade routes ¹ .
   The bull was the most present, if not exclusive, animal in the art and religion of Neolithic Sardinia. In a stone amulet found in Bau Porcus, the importance and thaumaturgical value of the bull symbol engraved on it is evident, with the oval-shaped head surmounted by crescent horns, as well as in the bovine protomes sculpted in the hypogeum of Sa Londra in Alghero, both ascribed to the Ozieri culture. From the locality of Bingia Eccia, near Dolianova, comes a tetrapod limestone plate with bull protomes. In the caves of Monte Majore and Sa Ucca 'e su Tintirriolu, four fragments of vases dating back to the beginning of the third millennium BC were found, depicting the bull in the shape of a crescent moon, or with a trapezoidal head widened at the nostrils, or with a bull's head, the latter being consistently present in Anghelu Ruju, in the Cagliari area, painted on the architraves of the tombs. But the bull's heads are found, sculpted or painted, isolated or in pairs, in numerous domus de janas (tombs dug into the rock usually grouped together in necropolises) scattered throughout the Sardinian territory, as a magical and protective symbol of the burials. Not to mention the small bronzes of Sardinian warriors with helmets adorned with horns, sometimes placed vertically, sometimes horizontally. It seems strange that an animal like the bull, so useful in the daily reality of agricultural civilization and at the same time so sacred as to constitute almost a union between the animal and divine nature, was depicted only with the signs of the head and horns instead of the entire body. But this way of offering a part of the animal in a symbolic image is certainly not due to the poor ability of the proto-Sardinian Neolithic craftsman, but rather to a kind of "representation rule" based on ideas and beliefs that acted as a rule for the development of the most remote artistic and religious system of Sardinia. To the long list pertinent to the importance of the bull in Sardinia we can add that according to some scholars in the shape of the "Giants' Tombs" another taurine symbol could be highlighted: from the large central granite stele in fact branch off two semicircular arms made up of slabs stuck into the ground that would reproduce the shape of the bull's horns. After the very long period of human history dedicated exclusively to hunting and gathering, we must go back to the rise of pastoral and agricultural civilizations to better understand the meaning of these symbols. In fact, it was the moon that attracted the attention of prehistoric men with its cycles. Our satellite was considered the “personification” of Mother Earth in the sky for its manifest influence on the growth of plants and the outcome of the crops. The waxing and waning phases of its “quarters” reminded ancient populations of the periods of fertility and pregnancy of women.In this sense the Bull-Moon God embodied male fertility also linked to agrarian fertility. The bull has an important symbolic meaning both in the culture of ancient Egypt and in that of ancient Sardinia.
   1. In Egypt , the Apis bull was worshipped as a deity, especially in Memphis. Its cult is documented as early as the 2nd Dynasty, and some think it may date back to the 1st Dynasty. The figure of the bull may have been transmitted to the Egyptians in prehistoric times, a theory that requires further study.
   2. In the culture of Ozieri in Sardinia , the bull or ox was symbolically linked to male fertility and agrarian fecundity. This belief was central to the Copper and Bronze Age civilizations. Taurine symbolism was connected with maternal (and lunar) and paternal (and solar) symbolism.
      • The Bull God in Sardinia : Giovanni Lilliu describes the cult of the bull in Sardinia, noting the importance of the ox as a partner of the Mother Goddess and protector of the living and the dead. Its aniconic manifestations included large pointed upright stones (menhirs) and bull protomes in underground tombs.
   3. Possible connection between the two cultures : Although there are intriguing parallels between the bull cults in the two regions, there is no direct evidence of a mutual connection or influence. Bull symbolism was common to many ancient cultures, so the similarities could be coincidental or the result of cultural convergence.

   In conclusion, bull worship is a fascinating feature of both Egyptian and Sardinian culture, and the similarities between the two may suggest universal themes related to agriculture, fertility, and power. Further research may clarify whether there is a direct connection between these religious practices.

2. The catastrophe mentioned by Plato was probably the geological phenomenon of partial submersion of the Sardinian-Corsican-Atlantean block , perhaps caused by the Slab Roll-Back, by the possible presence of a tectonic fault that passes under Sulcis and continues, on one side towards Gibraltar and on the other towards Pompeii and Herculaneum, and visible using the satellite and bathymetric map of Google Maps, freely available online. Furthermore, in that historical period the Meltwater Pulses also occurred. The era in which the Sardinian-Corsican block was called Atlantis was therefore before 9600 BC. The mud caused by marine erosion and currents made it impossible to sail along the coast of the island, so probably for some centuries the island remained unreachable, thus contributing to making people forget the power of this warlike ancient people. Atlantis has a north-south orientation, as stated by Plato. The northern part is rich in excellent winds for sailing, and in fact between Corsica and Sardinia there is one of the best sailing schools in Europe. The euhemeristic vision was correct: Poseidon was an ancient ruler of the Sardinian-Corsican island when it was still land, later deified. If all this is correct, it means that in the dispute between catastrophists and evolutionists, in relation to the Atlantean themes, the catastrophists were right. At the present time, however, it was not yet clear which of the two factions could be right.
3. Why are there no archaeological or historical traces of such an advanced and powerful civilization in the Sardinian-Corsican block? Because the population particularly preyed on marine resources, like the two individuals found at the rock shelter Su Carroppu di Sirri, and to do so they lived on the Atlantean paleocoasts, today called the Sardinian-Corsican Continental Platform. Part of the civilization and population that were located on the paleocoasts were submerged and then swept away by about eleven thousand six hundred years of marine currents, which transformed the paleocoasts into the continental platform that now surrounds the Sardinian-Corsican geological block. Furthermore, we know from experience that over the years sedimentary deposits are stratified: for example, the Roman remains of about two thousand years ago are potentially found under a few meters of sediment and debris. Therefore, strictly speaking, if a scholar wanted to find the sedimentary layers that contain the remains of the Atlantean civilization, he should do a stratigraphic study that reaches the stratigraphy of 9600 BC, that is, the layer of about 11,600 years ago. The rock shelter Su Carroppu has returned the DNA of two out of three individuals, of a population with DNA almost entirely different from the DNA of the population that subsequently colonized the island of Sardinia three thousand years later. Therefore, we can temporarily hypothesize that the two individuals analyzed at Su Carroppu di Sirri are of the Atlantean population. From this hypothesis, it can be deduced that the Atlanteans, in addition to preying on marine resources and living on the paleocoasts, lived in caves or rock shelters. In Sulcis there are several very ancient caves: the caves of Is Zuddas; the cave of Acquacadda; and other caves that I am not able to list at the moment, but that could slowly be added to this list. Therefore, in order to disprove my theory, it would be enough to carry out stratigraphic analyses in these caves, to demonstrate that they were not inhabited in 9600 BC or earlier. In fact, Plato states that the Atlantean catastrophe dates back to nine thousand years before Solon's trip to Sais in Egypt, and this trip took place around 590 BC. From these statements, we can also answer another very important question, reported below. If the Atlantean civilization was so advanced and powerful, as Plato says, it should have left traces also on the mainland, not only on the paleocoasts. And in fact, in my opinion, it left traces in the caves around the Atlantean plateau that now emerges from the sea and that was called, by our civilization, by the name of Sardinia. In fact, in the Lanaittu cave, remains from around 20,000 years ago were found, and this is perfectly consistent with the theory of the Sardinian-Corsican Atlantis. Atlantis was inhabited even 20,000 years ago. In fact, at the present time it seems that Sardinia was inhabited since at least 300.000 years ago. That is why Plato says it was “ancient to the ancients”. And that would also be the reason why the priest of the goddess Neith in Sais told Solon that the Greeks were never old, they were young, and that their mythology was very similar to children's fairy tales. The priest was trying to explain to Solon that the Greeks had lost the memory of what happened between the Sardinian-Corsican Atlantis and the first Athens, because the survivors were not literate and could not write and pass on the memory of what happened around 9600 BC. Everything stated is consistent, as a correct scientific theory should be. So the traces of the Atlanteans, equipped with different DNA already classified by the archaeogenetic studies carried out by the Department of Prehistory of the University of Cagliari together with the University of Florence and Ferrara and published in Scientific Report, must be sought in the rock shelters of all Sardinia and Corsica and in the caves scattered on these two islands, which in reality are plateaus emerged from the sea of ​​the underlying island of Atlantis. Atlantis was one of the names that the Egyptians gave to this island, which in the walls of the temple of Edfu in Egypt is also called Trampling Island, War Island, Peace Island, Egg Island etc. By rereading and analyzing the texts of the temple of Edfu in this key, it is possible to obtain new information on Atlantis and its origins, which seem to be rooted in Egyptian mythology.It is possible to gain new information about Atlantis and its origins, which appear to be rooted in Egyptian mythology.It is possible to gain new information about Atlantis and its origins, which appear to be rooted in Egyptian mythology.
4. Plato describes Atlantis as an island larger than Libya and Asia together : this is very possible, since at the moment we do not know what the exact size of Libya and Asia was in 9600 BC. So we could proceed with a reverse reasoning: assuming that Plato reported authentic and truthful Egyptian sources, we can therefore deduce that in 9600 BC Libya and Asia were two geographical areas that covered a geographical area smaller than that covered by the Sardinian-Corsican geological block currently submerged under the Mediterranean. Furthermore, Libya in 9600 BC may not correspond at all with current Libya nor with the concept of "Africa". Indeed, the discoveries made by Luigi Usai in Birsa Bank, El Haouaria Bank, in the Sicily-Malta Iblean carbonate continental platform, flanked by the Sicily-Malta Escarpment, show vast territories currently unknown to archaeology and official history, so the Scientific Community still has to clarify what disappeared civilizations they are, whether they are actually submerged buildings and cities; which civilizations they are; why they are submerged; when they were submerged, because of which events. In short, the new discoveries on the Mediterranean seabed open up extremely interesting and innovative scenarios.
5. There is a great deal of evidence of the existence of Atlantis in the Sardinian-Corsican block: Sardinian archaeologists have stopped to analyze the stratigraphy up to the Nuragic; at the present time it would seem that no one has excavated up to the stratigraphic layers of 9600 BC, thus making it impossible to have archaeological evidence, which therefore has never been sought, as the Sardinian academic world, in its almost total entirety, believed that Atlantis was the fruit of Plato's imagination, as various archaeologists affirm in many videos and texts published online, for example at the Seminar called "Sa Mesa Archeotunda".
6. The evidence of the existence of canals is very strong: in fact there is a canal-port like the one described for Atlantis, and it is the Canal Port of Cagliari; the geography and even the geology of Sulcis show, in an analysis of satellite images, a trend of concentric circles or sections of circles; the geography of the center of Sulcis coincides with Platonic descriptions: sacred woods (even today a good part of Sulcis is made up of woods and natural parks considered so precious that they have been made protected areas by the European Union, and this may be a reason why excavations and core sampling studies have not been carried out to verify the possible presence of underground archaeological finds).
7. Atlantis was very rich in minerals: and it still is today, let's imagine how it must have been over 11,600 years ago! The mines of Sulcis are famous throughout Europe, they have a very ancient history and tradition, well known to geologists from all over the world and that does not need to be emphasized further. In Furtei there is still a gold mine that allowed gold to be extracted even a few decades ago; this suggests that in prehistoric times the mine could have been very rich in gold raw material. In Sardinia there are even minerals that are unique in the world, for example Ichnusaite, which takes its name from Ichnussa , the ancient name of Sardinia.
8. In Plato's story of Atlantis, a plain adjacent to the city is described that had a perimeter of 2,000 x 3,000 stadia (385 x 580 km or 240 x 360 miles). A stadia is about 185 meters, so the plain had a perimeter of about 370 x 555 km. These are exactly the height and width dimensions of the submerged Corsican Sardinian geological block. This implies that in the past the Atlantean Corsican Sardinians had already managed to measure the exact extension of the island before it ended up submerged under the sea, or if you like, under the Atlantic Ocean, that is, the current Sea of ​​Corsica and Sardinia. The dimension taken in a north-south direction of the currently semi-submerged Corsican Sardinian block is exactly 555 kilometers, and this precision is impressive, and the fact that the dimension is so precise cannot be a coincidence: otherwise on this page hundreds and hundreds of "coincidences" are listed. These are not coincidences, but facts.
9. Lake Tritonis is the sum of the Lakes, Lagoons and Ponds of Cagliari, Assemini, Elmas, Capoterra, Quartu, Molentargius, Stagno Conti Vecchi; it is yet to be determined whether the submergence of the Sardinian-Corsican block has modified the original dimensions of this lake believed to be mythological for millennia; I will analyze the sources slowly, trying to make sense of the ancient texts.
   Herodotus, Histories 4. 180 (Godley translation) (Greek historian 5th century BC):
   I cannot say; but I suppose the armor was Egyptian; for I maintain that the Greeks took their shield and helmet from Egypt. As for Athena, they say she was the daughter of Poseidon and Lake Tritonis, and that, for some reason angry with her father, she gave herself to Zeus, who made her his daughter. This is their story. The relations between men and women are promiscuous; they do not live together but have relations like cattle. When a woman's child is well grown, the men gather together within three months, and the child is judged to be the man he most resembles.” This is their story. The relations between men and women are promiscuous; they do not cohabit but have intercourse like cattle. When a woman's child is well grown, the men gather together within three months, and the child is judged to be the man he most resembles.”  Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 3. 144 (Aldrich translation) (Greek mythographer 2nd AD):
   “They say that after Athena was born, she was raised by Triton [and presumably Tritonis], who had a daughter named Pallas. Both girls cultivated military life, which once brought them into a contentious dispute. When Pallas was about to strike Athena, Zeus held out his aegis in a shadowy manner, so that she looked up to protect herself, and so she was wounded by Athena and fell. had happened to Pallas, Athena made a wooden image of her, and around her breast she tied the aegis that had frightened her, and placed the statue beside Zeus and paid him honor.” Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 1493 ff (Rieu translation) (Greek epic 3rd century BC):
   “He [Amphitemis son of Apollo and Akakallis (Acacallis)] married the Nymph Tritonis and she bore him two sons, Nasamon and the mighty Kaphauros (Capauros).” Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 14. 6 (Jones translation) (Greek travelogue C2nd AD):
   “The Libyans say that the goddess [Athena] is the daughter of Poseidon and the Tritonis lake, and for this reason she has blue eyes like Poseidon.” Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 14 ( Grant translation  ) (Roman mythographer 2nd century AD):
   “On the return voyage [of the Argonauts] Eurybates, son of Teleon, died, and Canto, son of . . ((lacuna)) They were killed in Libya by the shepherd Cephalion, brother of Nasamon, son of the nymph Tritonis and Amphitemis, whose flocks they were plundering.”
10. Legend has it that the inhabitants of Lake Tritonide stole and hid a tripod of the Argonauts: I have theorized the hypothesis that the tripod mentioned in the legend of the Argonauts was actually hidden by the Sardinians after the arrival of the Argonauts in the area. This tripod could have been a precious or sacred artifact that aroused the interest of the Sardinians, leading them to copy its stylistic technique to produce local tripods. It is therefore possible that there was not only a linguistic and cultural contamination between Greeks and Sardinians, but even an artistic and stylistic one. It is possible that among the fragments of tripods in Greek and Cypriot style found by Sardinian archaeologists, there is even some fragment or part of the tripod mentioned in the legend.
11. The Atlas Mountains mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories in Chapter IV are the Sulcis Mountains ;
12. Libya mentioned by Herodotus in his Histories in Chapter IV is an area of ​​the current Province of Cagliari;
13. It is to be verified that the Cyrene named by Herodotus could be Cyrne:
    from Treccani: " cirnènse  adj. – rare syn. of  corso  (of Corsica), taken from the Greek name of the island Κύρνος (in Latin  Cyrnos  or  Cyrne ):  the cirnensi dialects ".
    Is Cyrene Cyrne, that is, Corsica? If Libya is the current province of Cagliari, is Cyrene Corsica? Is Cyrenaica Corsica? Cyrne – Cyrene?
14. The “elephant species” widely present on Sardinian-Corsican Atlantis is the Mammuthus Lamarmorae, today also known as the Sardinian Dwarf Elephant;
15. The Atlantic Ocean for Herodotus and Sonchis of Sais is the Sea of ​​Sardinia and Corsica and other seas of the Mediterranean, but not all of the Mediterranean: only a subset of it; we are therefore able to make an approximate historical dating:
    Solon's journey to Sais can be placed around 590 BC;
    Herodotus of Halicarnassus lived in the 5th century BC.
    We can therefore deduce that in the 6th and 5th centuries BC in Egypt and Greece the Sea of ​​Corsica and the Sea of ​​Sardinia were still called "Atlantic Ocean" by some Mediterranean scholars.
    We can therefore deduce that something happened later that forced a change in geographical nomenclature. At the present time, on 08/17/2023, I still have not understood what happened. Why was the name of the Atlantic Ocean, or the Sea of ​​Atlantis, changed? At the moment, I believe that as Rome's power grew, the old name of the Mediterranean Ocean became unbearable for the Roman Senate: probably the Senate proposed at some point a Damnatio Memoriæ. Currently these statements are still experimental, because I am not a historian, so I do not have the cognitive structure necessary to formalize these ideas in a scientific way. I hope that some scholar will want to help me in this enormous difficulty of mine, by putting my ideas to the test, as happens when you run the benchmarks of a software product.
16. The mud that surrounded the Sardinian-Corsican island of Atlantis is due to the erosion of the  Sardinian-Corsican paleocoasts by the surf ; this erosion caused the generation of the so-called submerged Sardinian-Corsican continental platform;
17. Another source I used is the analysis of toponymy . I am not an expert, I had to build my theory hypothesis upon hypothesis. After understanding that Atlantis is the semi-submerged Sardinian-Corsican block, I asked myself where the capital could have been. And by observing the satellite maps I realized that Sulcis is made up of geological structures that resemble portions of concentric circles, like the capital of Atlantis described by Plato. After rereading the texts of Timaeus and Critias many times, I casually realized that in Sulcis, a region of present-day Sardinia, there were some toponyms that recall Plato's story : many geographical locations of Sulcis in Sardinia (countries/localities/hamlets/towns/cities) contain names linked to the concept of cold water and hot water. These names of geographical locations, however, are in Sardinian dialect, so a foreign scientist who does not know the Sardinian language and its constellation of dialectal forms could never reach the same conclusions as me . I had the advantage of being born right near Sulcis, so these toponyms are in my first mother tongue, that is, Campidanese Sardinian or its very similar variants (the linguistic variant of Sulcitan Sardinian). Much of the toponymy of Sulcis recalls the story of Atlantis : Acqua Callentis (hot water); Acquafredda (cold water); Acquacadda (hot water); S'Acqua Callenti de Susu (the hot water above); S'Acqua Callenti de Basciu (the hot water below); the Castello di Acquafredda (cold water castle) which stands on a mountain overlooking the place where during the Middle Ages there was the town of Acquafredda (cold water) , now disappeared; Furriadroxiu (the place where everything turns upside down); Spistiddatroxiu (the place where people get hurt); Piscinas (the swimming pools)… and who knows how many others. I then became aware that Sardinian toponymy had points in common with Greek and Egyptian ones : for example, Heliopolis means "city of the Sun", while in Sulcis there is a place called Terresoli , which in Sardinian means "Land of the Sun"; since I am not a specialist, reconstructing all this information is an incredibly difficult and tiring job. I also realized that the Egyptian priest known as Sonchis , who according to tradition told Solon the story of Atlantis against Athens, lived in the city of Sais ; Sais is also a Sardinian surname .; moreover, there are in Sulcis (it couldn't be coincidences, there are too many, all together) two places called "Is Sais Superiore" and "Is Sais Inferiore" near Narcao.
    (21/08/2023) In other parts of this text I also point out the enormous presence of ancient Greek toponymy in Sardinia: I won't report the same information here so as not to be too repetitive, but you can see the etymology of Sardinian toponymy: the places, towns and cities of Olbia, Musei, Tharros, Pistis, are just some of the Sardinian toponymy of possible Greek origin. (25 September 2023: there is an anomalous and suspected presence of a so-called Diocese of Tempio Ampurias in Sardinia; also famous Ampurias in Spain, also known as Empuries).
    Ampurias, also known as Empúries in Catalan, is an archaeological site located in the region of Catalonia, in Spain ¹ .  This historic site is located in the municipality of L'Escala ¹ . Ampurias was founded in the 6th century BC  by Phocaean colonists from Marseille ¹ .  The name “Emporion”, which means “market” in Ancient Greek, reflects its original function as a collection point for goods ¹ .  The ruins of Ampurias are among the most important Greek remains in Spain ² . The archaeological site of Ampurias comprises the remains of a Greek and Roman city, which were the gateway to these civilisations on the Iberian Peninsula ² .  The city reached its peak between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, thanks above all to the development of the cereal trade ¹ . The ruins are divided into three distinct nuclei: the original, the Hellenistic and the Roman colony ³ .  Notable structures include the Temple of Artemis and another temple dedicated to Asclepius, the patron god of medicine ⁴ . Archaeological excavations at Ampurias are still ongoing, making this site a continuing source of historical discoveries ⁴ .The Diocese of Tempio-Ampurias in Sardinia and the Spanish town of Ampurias, or Empuries, are both rich in history, but do not appear to have a direct connection to each other. The Diocese of Tempio-Ampurias takes its name from the historical regions of Gallura and Anglona in Sardinia ¹ .  Ampurias was the name of the ancient Diocese of Castelsardo ¹ .  Although the diocese had the official name of Diocese of Ampurias and Civita, its bishops often signed themselves only as Bishops of Ampurias ¹ .On the other hand, Ampurias in Spain is an important archaeological site that was once a thriving Greek and Roman city ² . It was founded in the 6th century BC  by Phocian colonists from Marseille ² . Despite sharing a similar name, there is no historical or archaeological evidence to suggest a direct connection between the Diocese of Tempio-Ampurias in Sardinia and the Spanish city of Ampurias. It could be a coincidence that both locations have similar names. However, history is complex and changing, so new discoveries could always lead to new understandings.
    What I propose is that there may be some kind of connection between the toponymy of the Sardinian Ampurias and the locality of Ampurias in Spain, and I maintain that these are not simple coincidences but rather events linked by deep possible historical roots that are still to be studied and analyzed. I just discovered, in recent days (19/03/2023) that some scholars have already noticed this incredible coincidence between the Egyptian and Sardinian culture and toponymy on the following web pages:

    
    Among other toponymic analyses, we can analyze the Sardinian toponym of Tharros. “Tharros (in Latin Tarrae, in ancient Greek Thàrras,  Θάρρας ) is an archaeological site  in the province of Oristano, located in the municipality of Cabras, in Sardinia”. In Greek, Θάρρας  means “courage”. If it is true that the Sardinian-Corsican block ended up semi-submerged under the sea, or under the Atlantic Ocean, as it was then called, then it is not surprising that the population that remained to live on the shores of the sea called their city “courage”, because it takes courage to live in a city on the sea after the entire Sardinian-Corsican island has semi-sunk. Of course, I can't know the exact reason why they called Tharros "courage", but this is the best interpretation I have been able to give of the toponymy, at the moment (11/08/2023).
    Sardinia has a complex and stratified history, which reflects the various peoples and cultures that have influenced it over the millennia. The Greek presence in Sardinia, although not as extensive as in other parts of the Mediterranean, has left some traces, even in the toponymy. Here are some Sardinian places that have toponymic origins linked to ancient Greek culture:

    • Olbia : Located in the north-east of Sardinia, the name “Olbia” means “lucky” or “happy” in ancient Greek. The city was an important commercial center in ancient times and maintained contacts with the Greek world.
    • Nora : This ancient city, located near Pula in the southern part of the island, has pre-Nuragic and Punic origins, but also links with the Greek world. Some inscriptions found in Nora are in the Phoenician alphabet but in the Greek language.
    • Tharros : Another ancient center located in the western part of the island, near Oristano. Although Tharros is most commonly associated with the Phoenicians and Romans, there have been discoveries of ceramics and other objects of Greek origin.
    • Sulcis : The Sulcis region, in south-west Sardinia, had contacts with the Greek world, especially through the nearby colony of Cyrene (in Sardinian Libya). Although the name “Sulcis” is probably of Semitic origin, the Greek presence in the region is attested by various archaeological finds.
    • Pistis : As you said, “Pistis” is both a Sardinian surname and the name of a place in Sardinia. In Greek, “Pistis” represents faith, trust or reliability. Although there is no concrete evidence, it is interesting to note this toponymic connection.
    • Musei : A place in Sardinia that bears a name reminiscent of the “Muses,” the Greek deities of music, art, and science. Again, it is difficult to establish with certainty a direct connection between the name of the town and Greek mythology, but the connection is intriguing.
    • Neapolis : This name, which in Greek means “new city”, is a rather common toponym in the ancient world. The presence of a “Neapolis” in Sardinia could suggest the foundation or refoundation of a city in a period of Greek influence or during a period in which Greek was a prestigious and cultural language.
    • Calasetta : Although the name “Calasetta” is not directly of Greek origin, the history of the town is linked to the colonization by families from Tabarka, an island off the coast of Tunisia. And Tabarka, in turn, had roots in the ancient Greek city of Kalè Aktè.
18. These toponymic connections provide fascinating clues to the complex web of interactions between Sardinia and the ancient Mediterranean world. However, it is always important to do thorough research and look at the historical and archaeological context to confirm any theory or hypothesis about the derivation and meaning of these names.

It is important to note that, although there are traces of Greek influence in Sardinia, it is currently believed that the island had deeper interactions with other cultures such as the Nuragic, Phoenician, Carthaginian, and Roman. Therefore, while there are some places with names of Greek origin, it is still believed by scholars that they represent only a small fraction of the rich toponymic tapestry of the island.

Here are some additional Sardinian toponyms that could have Greek origins:

Kalaris : This name may derive from the Greek word “kályx”, meaning “cup” or “chalice”, perhaps referring to the shape of Cagliari’s natural harbour.
Tiana : This name may derive from the Greek word “tíanos”, meaning “elongated” or “extended”, perhaps referring to the shape or position of the city.
Pirri : This name may derive from the Greek word “pyrrós”, meaning “red” or “fire-coloured”, perhaps referring to the colour of the soil or rocks in the area.
Monte Astili : This name may derive from the Greek word “ástylos”, meaning “without columns” or “unadorned”, perhaps referring to a simple or unadorned architectural style in the area.
Tiscali : This name may derive from the Greek word “skális”, meaning “stairway” or “step”, perhaps referring to a steep or terraced landscape in the area.
Zinnias (Zinnigas) : This name may derive from the Greek word “skínos”, meaning “rush” or “reed”, probably referring to a marshy or swampy area in the region.
These are just a few possible interpretations of Sardinian toponyms that may have Greek origins. Toponymy is a complex field and it is always important to do thorough research and consider multiple sources and interpretations before drawing conclusions about the origins and meanings of place names.

23. “Notes on the Punic and Libyan element in Sardinian onomastics” is a work by Giandomenico Serra that explores the influence of the Punic and Libyan languages ​​in onomastics, or the study of names, in Sardinia ¹ . The author analyzes how the Punic and Libyan elements are reflected in Sardinian geographical and personal names.  This work is important because it offers a unique perspective on the complex linguistic history of Sardinia, an island that has been influenced by many different cultures over the centuries ¹ . Punic was the language of the Carthaginians, an ancient Mediterranean people originating from present-day Tunisia, while Libyan refers to the languages ​​spoken by the ancient Berber populations of North Africa ¹ . This study contributes to a better understanding of the cultural history of Sardinia and its linguistic heritage.  However, for a more detailed and complete understanding of the content, I would recommend you to consult the book directly ¹ .
24. The Würm Shore Theory, formulated by Dr.  Luigi Usai, states that a good part of the paleocoasts submerged after the Würm were inhabited ¹ .  This theory is based on the idea that during the Würm glaciation, the last glaciation that took place in some specific areas of Europe such as the Alps or the Sierra Nevada ² , the coasts that were submerged were inhabited. The validity of a scientific theory depends on its ability to be translated into empirically verifiable hypotheses ³ .  In other words, if a theory is too vague to give rise to hypotheses, it cannot be verified in reality ³ . Therefore, the plausibility of the Würm Shore Theory depends on the presence of empirical evidence that supports it. Here we will list all the possible evidence found as of today, September 13, 2023.
25. Among the archaeological evidence, the submerged city of Nora in Sardinia, right in the current Sulcis. Nora is a very famous submerged city in Sardinia ¹ .  It is located a few kilometers from Cagliari, on the southern coast of the island, near the renowned seaside tourist center of Pula ¹ .  Nora is an archaeological site of great interest, where an ancient city dating back to the Phoenician-Punic period was discovered ¹ . If all my statements about a Sardinian-Corsica Atlantis were invented, then it would be an incredible coincidence the presence of a semi-submerged city underwater right in Sulcis, the place where I claim to be the capital of the Atlantean civilization. Have underwater archaeological studies ever been done on the submerged Nora? Has it been mapped, studied, analyzed, hacked, to understand its secrets? How many years ago? And today? What is being done to save the scientific data of this semi-submerged city under the Sardinian sea? The submerged city of Heracleion in Alexandria, Egypt is undergoing massive study and analysis, and Nora submerged in Sardinia? The submerged city of Baia has become a Submerged Park, and Nora in Sardinia?
26. Among the archaeological evidence of the submersion of Sulcis , in addition to the submersion of Nora, we have the submersion of the submerged Port of Melqart of Malfatano. The submerged port of Melqart, located near Porto Pino in Teulada, is one of the greatest archaeological wonders of Sardinia. It is considered the largest port in the ancient Mediterranean and was used by the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians and the Romans. The port was described by the Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 1st century AD as Portus Erculi, dedicated to the god of navigation. It could accommodate up to 400 ships and its ancient grandeur is evidenced by the walls that tower just two meters below the surface of the water, among schools of fish and dancing algae. The fact that it was called Portus Erculi implies that this toponym could be a confirmation of the passage of the figure of Hercules, until now considered mythological, in these places. As explained elsewhere on this website, Hercules is linked to Sulcis and Southern Sardinia also because of the story of the Garden of the Hesperides. According to some archaeologists, the roadstead that opens up in front of Capo Malfatano – whose name derives from the Arabic toponym 'Amal Fatah', or place of Hope – was the base of the Carthaginian military fleet that controlled the western Mediterranean until 146 BC, the year in which the Romans won the last Punic War and took over everything, perhaps up to the Strait of Gibraltar. The true story of that era has yet to be reconstructed and told, but in the meantime you can immerse yourself in the discovery of this mysterious site among the remains of buildings, roads and docks. In addition to Nora, Sulcis also features the submerged port of Malfatano dedicated to Hercules. Archaeological evidence is starting to become more and more numerous and consistent with the story that Atlantis is the half-submerged Corsican Sardinian block. Archaeologists already have a lot of evidence at their disposal. A submerged coastal city and port? It means that they were previously on dry land, and therefore it means that southern Sardinia is subject to submersion. It is therefore not surprising that at a certain point a more violent submersion than the others may have occurred that sank many kilometers of coasts under the sea, killing all the prehistoric populations that lived on the coasts feeding on seafood and hunting and fishing. The story of Atlantis, which seemed like a mythological tale, now takes on much more credible and probable contours, the archaeological evidence is evident and clear to those who know how to interpret it. Even the toponym of Porto di Ercole at Capo Malfatano is a further confirmation of what is stated on this website.
27. In addition to Nora and the port of Ercole at Capo Malfatano, there are several other submerged structures in Sardinia . Some of these include:
    • Porto Flavia : Porto Flavia is an ancient mining port located on the southwestern coast of Sardinia, near Masua. It was built in the late 19th century to transport ore extracted from the surrounding mines. Much of the structure was carved into the rock, with galleries and tunnels extending below sea level. Although not completely submerged, it is a unique structure that links the region's past mining activity with the sea.
    • Is Zuddas : These are the Is Zuddas Caves, located in Sulcis-Iglesiente, a region in the southwest of Sardinia. These caves are famous for their limestone formations and stalactites. Even though they are not submerged, they represent a very interesting cave system that could have played a role in prehistoric life and local imagination. It is in fact possible that the karst phenomenon played a very important role in ancient civilizations. Among the various hypotheses that I can venture, when Orpheus searches for Eurydice it is possible that he entered a cave system like those of Is Zuddas in Sulcis. Perhaps they were considered the Hades. Or perhaps the Sardinians made fun of the Greeks, making fun of them, telling them lies to make them appear stupid and incompetent or perhaps gullible. In this sense, my vision for the moment diverges from the statements of Giorgio Saba who, if I am not mistaken, places Hades in the area of ​​Sant'Antioco, if I have understood correctly (I refer the reader to study his work entitled: “Excuse me, where is Hades? Hypotheses on the ancient history of Sardinia”).
    • Porto Conte : It is located near Alghero and was a Phoenician-Punic port. Archaeological remains and submerged port structures have been discovered in the bay of Porto Conte, suggesting trade and maritime exchanges in the past.
    • Grotta dei Cormorani : This is a submerged cave located in Cala Gonone, on the east coast of Sardinia. The cave is accessible only by scuba diving and features spectacular limestone formations.
    • Neptune's Grotto : Although not completely submerged, Neptune's Grotto is a series of spectacular coastal caves accessible by sea or by a staircase carved into the rock. They are located near Alghero and are famous for their stalactites and stalagmites.
    • Grotta del Bue Marino : Also located in Cala Gonone, this cave has been used in past centuries by sea oxen, a type of monk seal. The cave contains a series of interesting tunnels and galleries.

    Many of these facilities require access by scuba diving or boat, and some may be subject to restrictions or regulations for the conservation of cultural and natural heritage.